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NANOTECHNOLOGY- from Horses Mouth

4.1. Nanobiosensors Although serology-based tests and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are routinely used for the detection of COVID-19, there is a need for accuracy and rapidity in diagnosis that can be fulfilled by the use of ultrasensitive nanobiosensors that play a major role in the detection of novel coronavirus. Nanobiosensors provide a rapid, cost-effective, accurate, and miniaturized platform for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B29-viruses-13-01224

4.1.1. Affinity-Based Nanobiosensor Affinity-based nanobiosensors demonstrate the high specificity of bioreceptors, such as antibodies, ssDNA, and aptamers with nanoparticles, which lead to enhanced sensitivity and lower detection limits. Gold nanoparticles, gold nanoislands, graphene, and nanowires are employed for the detection of coronavirus. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with carbon nanotubes improve binding capacity and efficient immobilization matrix. Gold nanoislands are aggregates of gold with a dimension of 20–80 nm and are synthesized by deposition at annealing of gold nanoparticles at elevated temperature for several hours, and these gold nanoislands are also utilized for sensing application [30]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B30-viruses-13-01224

4.1.2. Optical Nanobiosensor Carbon nanotubes, gold nanoislands, and graphene are majorly used in optical and electrochemical biosensors. Gold nanoislands made of tiny gold nanostructures can be developed with artificially synthesized DNA receptors and complementary RNA sequences of SARS-CoV-2 on a glass substrate. As COVID-19 is a single-stranded RNA virus, the receptor of the nanobiosensor acts as a complementary sequence to the RNA sequence of the coronavirus and detects the virus. LSPR (localized surface plasmon resonance) was used to detect RNA sequence binding to the sensor. After binding of the molecules on the surface of the nanobiosensor, the local infrared index changes and an optical nanobiosensor measures the changes and identifies the presence of RNA strands [28]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B28-viruses-13-01224

.1.4. Chiral Nanobiosensors Chiral nanobiosensors provide rapid detection and hence are very useful in distinguishing SARS-CoV-2. """""""Zirconium quantum dots"""""""" and magnetic nanoparticles in conjugation with coronavirus-specific antibodies bind to the viral target and form magneto plasmonic-fluorescent nanohybrids that could be separated by an external magnet using the optical detection technique. The nanobiosensor showed application in the detection of various virus cultures, including coronaviruses [31]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B31-viruses-13-01224

4.1.5. Nanoimaging System The Oxford Nanoimaging system can be used for the detection of fluorescently labeled coronaviruses. This system was developed by the scientists from the Department of Physics, University of Oxford. It is an extremely rapid test for the detection of coronavirus. This innovative technology does not require lysis, purification, or amplification process and yields results in 5 min. The technique involves taking direct throat swabs of infected persons and rapid labeling of the virus particles in the sample with short fluorescent DNA strands; the nanoimaging system and machine learning software rapidly detects the virus [35]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B35-viruses-13-01224

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Antiviral Coatings - Bio-contamination of surfaces and medical devices is a growing concern amid the coronavirus pandemic. The virus-laden respiratory droplets of COVID-19 patients, when exposed in air, deposit on various surfaces and get transmitted to humans; such virus-infected surfaces are known as “fomites” and serve as infectious agents in the transfer of the virus. Traditional disinfecting techniques provide temporary protection, and the bio-burden returns to its original form in a short time span. Non-migratory quaternary ammonium cations (QUATs) and positively charged silver nanoparticles dispensed in polymer matrix can be used for the production of antimicrobial coatings. This coating surface repels oil and water and inactivates coronavirus. It is proposed that silver nanoparticles can inhibit replication of virus nucleotides and inactivate SARS-CoV-2 by interacting with surface spike proteins [40]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B40-viruses-13-01224


Current Advancements on Nanomedicine: Therapeutics and Vaccine Development Nanomedicine is known as the branch of medicine involved in the prevention and cure of various diseases using the nanoscale materials, such as biocompatible nanoparticles [46] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B46-viruses-13-01224 and nanorobots [47] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B47-viruses-13-01224 , for various applications including diagnosis [48] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B48-viruses-13-01224 , delivery [49] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B49-viruses-13-01224 , sensing [50] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B50-viruses-13-01224 .

Nanoencapsulation is the smart design of nanocarriers and are concerned with the target site and route of administration, attempting to solve the problems faced by therapeutic agents. Effective nanoparticle-based therapy includes FDA-approved lipid systems such as liposomes and micelles [56]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B56-viruses-13-01224

These liposomes and micelles can be loaded with gold or magnetic inorganic nanoparticles [57]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B57-viruses-13-01224

However, polymeric nanomaterials with diameters ranging from 10 to 1000 nm show the ideal delivery vehicle [60]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8310263/#B60-viruses-13-01224

 
 
 

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